善意的回报？亲社会性与幸福感关系的元分析

Rewardsof Kindness A Meta-Analysis of the Link Between Prosociality and Well-Being

【摘要】在最近的几十年中，大量研究表明，社会关系与幸福感之间存在正相关关系。还不清楚的是：（a）这种关系的程度如何，（b）影响这种关系的主持人是什么。为了解决这些问题，我们进行了荟萃分析，以检验在不同的运营情况下，亲社会关系对幸福感联系的力量，以及一系列理论，人口和方法变量如何调节这种联系。虽然结果显示，在社会亲和力与幸福感之间存在适度的总体平均效应大小（r = .13，K = 201，N =198,213），但这掩盖了该效应随众多主持人而变化的本质。尤其是，亲社会性对幸福感的影响要强于享乐性。亲社会关系与心理机能最密切相关，表明与心理机能障碍和身体健康之间的关系更为温和。与使用志愿/帮助频率或状态的度量相比，使用亲和力量表与幸福感之间的联系更为紧密。此外，非正式帮助（相对于正式帮助）与更多的福祉相关。从人口统计上看，年轻的献血者除了身体健康外，其他方面的幸福感也更高，而老年和退休的献血者仅报告了更好的身体健康。女送礼者表现出亲密感与大自然幸福感，心理机能障碍和身体健康之间的更牢固的关系。从方法上讲，在使用主要（相对于次要）数据和更高的方法学严格性（即测量的信度和效度）的研究中，链接的强度更强。我们讨论了所有这些结果和含义，并提出了未来研究的方向。

Abstract：Inrecent decades, numerous studies have suggested a positive relationship betweenprosociality and well-being. What remains less clear are (a) what the magnitudeof this relationship is, and (b) what the moderators that influence it are. Toaddress these questions, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the strengthof the prosociality to well-being link under different operationalizations, andhow a set of theoretical, demographic, and methodological variables moderatethe link. While the results revealed a modest overall mean effect size (r =.13, K = 201, N = 198,213) between prosociality andwell-being, this masked the substantial variability in the effect as a functionof numerous moderators. In particular, the effect of prosociality on eudaimonicwell-being was stronger than that on hedonic well-being. Prosociality was moststrongly related to psychological functioning—showing a more modestrelationship with psychological malfunctioning and physical health. Usingprosociality scales was more strongly associated with well-being than usingmeasures of volunteering/helping frequency or status. In addition, informalhelping (vs. formal helping) was linked to more well-being benefits.Demographically, younger givers exhibited higher levels of well-being otherthan physical health, while older and retired givers reported better physicalhealth only. Female givers showed stronger relationships between prosocialityand eudaimonic well-being, psychological malfunctioning, and physical health.Methodologically, the magnitude of the link was stronger in studies usingprimary (vs. secondary) data and with higher methodological rigor (i.e.,measurement reliability and validity). We discussed all of these results andimplications and suggested directions for future research.

论文原文：Hui, P. , Ng, J. , Berzaghi, E. ,Cunningham-Amos, L. , & Kogan, A. . (2020). Rewards of kindness? ameta-analysis of the link between prosociality and well-being.  PsychologicalBulletin. 146(12), 1084–1116.